Saturday, June 14

Unix Basic Commands with examples part 1





                   Command
Description
1. logname
Current user name

2. pwd
Present working directory

3. uname
Display kernel name

4. uname -n
Print network hostname

5. uname -r
Display kernel version

6. uname -v
Display kernel release date

7. uname -i
Print hardware platform

8. uname -o
Print the operating system

9. uname -p
Print the processser name

10. uname -a
Print all information

11. date
Display system date and time

12. clear
To clear the screen

13. cal
Display current month calendar

14. cal 2014
Display 2014 calendar

15. cal 9 1987
Displays the September 1987 calendar

16. bc
Open calculator

17. bc -v
Version of calculator

18. hostname
Display server name

19. hostname -i
Display server IP address

20. tty
Display terminal name

21. who
To display how many users connected to server

22. whoami
Display current username

23. uptime
Display how long server is “up &running”, no. Of users connected &avg load on the server.

24. which <command name>
Show the full path of command

25. whereis  <command name>
Display the binary, source, and manual page files for a command

26. find
Search for files in a directory hierarchy





 
       27.   set system date and time

            # date -s “yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss”

      28.   To view help for a command (manual pages)
 
           # man <command>


 29. Viewing list of Files & Directories:

          Syntax : # ls  <options>   <file>

                   Options:     
                                    -a    --> To check the hidden object



                                    -l    --> To list the properties of an object

           

                                    -s    --> To check the size in block



                                    -r    --> To check reverse order



                        -R   --> List Sub directories Recursively



                                    -Q   --> To see files in double quotes



                                    -m   --> List of entries with comma separated




                   Eg :- 
                                                # ls -a



                                                # ls -la



                                                # ls -lr


Working with Files:-

   
                      A collection of data is called file. In linux – platform, CAT, Touch, vi are some at the default commands. To create a file, but there are some differences between these three commands.



30. Cat (concatenation):

                     This command is used to create single file with data and also to check the data of exiting file, but we cannot modify the data.

Create a file :

                        # cat > file



                           -------------



                           -------------



                        ctrl+d (save & quit)


31. Open the file:

                # cat < filename



                             or



               # cat filename

32. To append the file:

                 # cat >> filename



                        ---------------------

           

                        --------------------



                     ctrl+d (save & quit)

33. To open multiple files:

               # cat file1 file2 file3



 Disadvantages:

               Using this command we can't create multiple files and we can't edit the text at the file.




 Touch:

                This command is used to create multiple files, but are empty files and also it use to change date and time of an existing files and directories.

34. To create multiple files:

             # touch  f1 f2 f3

Disadvantages:

                Using  this command we can't modify the text of the database files.


       35.   change current Date and Time: 
             
                               # touch f1

       36.  Change Time stamp of a file or directory

Syntax
 
              # touch <option> <argument>  <file/directory>



              # touch –t  YYYYMMDDHHMM  <file/directory-name>



Deleting the files :

  37.          “rm” command is used for remove files

 38.           # rm <filename>

 39.          # rm -i <filename>   -->  asking confirmation

 40.          # rm -f <filename>   -->  delete file forcibility.


 41.        Remove multiple files at once

           # rm <file 1> <file 2> <file 3>


Working with Directories:

        “mkdir” (Make Directory) command is used for creating Directories.

      Syntex:   # mkdir  <option>  <Directory name>
  
  42.         To create a Directory

                            # mkdir <dir name>

  43                   Creating multiple directories

                                    # mkdir dir1 dir2 dir3
  
 44.                Creating nested tree structure (sub directories inside directories)

                                    # mkdir -p world/asia/india/ap/hyd/kphb

45.              To check nested directories

                                    # ls -R world  
                                        (or)

                                 # tree world

Removing Directories:

46.                           “rmdir” (remove directory) command is used to delete an empty directory.

                                 # rmdir <dirname>

47.             “rm -r” command is used to delete recursively entire directory.

                                # rm -r <dirname>

48.                           # rm -ri <dirname>   --> asking confirmation message

49.                           # rm -rf   <dirname>   --> remove forcefully.



Navigation Commands:


  50.                      # cd         --> To change a directory

  51.                     # cd  ..   --> To move one level back

  52.                    # cd ../.. -->  To move two levels back

  53.                    # cd -          --> To go to the previous working directory

   54.                   # cd   <space-bar>    --> To go to the users home directory

   55.                   # cd <dir-name>       -->  To move to the particular directory.


Copying files and directories :


            “cp” command is used to copy file or directory from one place to another.

 56.                                           To copy a file

                                    # cp file1 file2  

57.                                        To copy a file into directory

                                    # cp file1  dir1

58.                                   To copy multiple files into a directory

                                    # cp file1 file2 file3  dir1

59.                                       To copy a directory

                                    # cp -R <source directory>  <destination dir>

                                    # cp -R dir1  dir2



Move and Rename – Files and Directories :

                        “mv” (move) command is used to move files and directories from one place to another, and also this command is used to rename the file and directories.

            Syntex:   # mv <option>  <source>  <destination>
  

60.                                                 To move a file

                                    # mv file1 dir1

61.                                               To move a directory

                                    # mv dir1 dir2

62.                                                 Renaming file and directory

                                    # mv  <old name>  <new name>

Creating hidden files and directories :


  To hide a file start file name with “.” character


   63.                       # cat  > .filename

   64.                      # mv  file1  .file1  (To hide existing file)

   65.                      # mv  .file1  file1  (To unhide a file)

   66.                      # mkdir  .dir1   (To create hidden directory)

   67.                     # mv .dir1 dir1    (To unhide a directory)

                                   





 68.          # ls  -l (or ll )     (Display longlist format, i.e, with 9 fields)


(i) File type,  where '-' is a file  and  'd' is a directory.

(ii) permissions of file or directory

(iii) Number of links  (l)  --> link file

(iv) owner  of the file

(v) Group of file

(vi) File size in bytes

(vii) Creation data of file

(viii) Creation time of file

(ix) Name of file


 Identify Files & Directories with colors:

         
                        # ls  -l

                                     Files          -     Black

                                    Directories  -    Blue

                                    Links           -     Skyblue

                                    Zip              -     Red

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